package url

Import Path
	net/url (on go.dev)

Dependency Relation
	imports 7 packages, and imported by 8 packages

Involved Source Files

	  d url.go
		Package url parses URLs and implements query escaping.
Code Examples

	ParseQuery
		package main
		
		import (
			"encoding/json"
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
			"strings"
		)
		
		func main() {
			m, err := url.ParseQuery(`x=1&y=2&y=3`)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(toJSON(m))
		}
		
		func toJSON(m any) string {
			js, err := json.Marshal(m)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			return strings.ReplaceAll(string(js), ",", ", ")
		}

	PathEscape
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			path := url.PathEscape("my/cool+blog&about,stuff")
			fmt.Println(path)
		
		}

	PathUnescape
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			escapedPath := "my%2Fcool+blog&about%2Cstuff"
			path, err := url.PathUnescape(escapedPath)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(path)
		
		}

	QueryEscape
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			query := url.QueryEscape("my/cool+blog&about,stuff")
			fmt.Println(query)
		
		}

	QueryUnescape
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			escapedQuery := "my%2Fcool%2Bblog%26about%2Cstuff"
			query, err := url.QueryUnescape(escapedQuery)
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(query)
		
		}

	URL
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("http://bing.com/search?q=dotnet")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			u.Scheme = "https"
			u.Host = "google.com"
			q := u.Query()
			q.Set("q", "golang")
			u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
			fmt.Println(u)
		}

	URL_EscapedFragment
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("http://example.com/#x/y%2Fz")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println("Fragment:", u.Fragment)
			fmt.Println("RawFragment:", u.RawFragment)
			fmt.Println("EscapedFragment:", u.EscapedFragment())
		}

	URL_EscapedPath
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("http://example.com/x/y%2Fz")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println("Path:", u.Path)
			fmt.Println("RawPath:", u.RawPath)
			fmt.Println("EscapedPath:", u.EscapedPath())
		}

	URL_Hostname
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org:8000/path")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Hostname())
			u, err = url.Parse("https://[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:17000")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Hostname())
		}

	URL_IsAbs
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u := url.URL{Host: "example.com", Path: "foo"}
			fmt.Println(u.IsAbs())
			u.Scheme = "http"
			fmt.Println(u.IsAbs())
		}

	URL_MarshalBinary
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, _ := url.Parse("https://example.org")
			b, err := u.MarshalBinary()
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Printf("%s\n", b)
		}

	URL_Parse
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			rel, err := u.Parse("/foo")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(rel)
			_, err = u.Parse(":foo")
			if _, ok := err.(*url.Error); !ok {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
		}

	URL_Port
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Port())
			u, err = url.Parse("https://example.org:8080")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Port())
		}

	URL_Query
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org/?a=1&a=2&b=&=3&&&&")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			q := u.Query()
			fmt.Println(q["a"])
			fmt.Println(q.Get("b"))
			fmt.Println(q.Get(""))
		}

	URL_Redacted
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u := &url.URL{
				Scheme: "https",
				User:   url.UserPassword("user", "password"),
				Host:   "example.com",
				Path:   "foo/bar",
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Redacted())
			u.User = url.UserPassword("me", "newerPassword")
			fmt.Println(u.Redacted())
		}

	URL_RequestURI
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.org/path?foo=bar")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.RequestURI())
		}

	URL_ResolveReference
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u, err := url.Parse("../../..//search?q=dotnet")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			base, err := url.Parse("http://example.com/directory/")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(base.ResolveReference(u))
		}

	URL_String
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u := &url.URL{
				Scheme:   "https",
				User:     url.UserPassword("me", "pass"),
				Host:     "example.com",
				Path:     "foo/bar",
				RawQuery: "x=1&y=2",
				Fragment: "anchor",
			}
			fmt.Println(u.String())
			u.Opaque = "opaque"
			fmt.Println(u.String())
		}

	URL_UnmarshalBinary
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			u := &url.URL{}
			err := u.UnmarshalBinary([]byte("https://example.org/foo"))
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Printf("%s\n", u)
		}

	URL_roundtrip
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"log"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			// Parse + String preserve the original encoding.
			u, err := url.Parse("https://example.com/foo%2fbar")
			if err != nil {
				log.Fatal(err)
			}
			fmt.Println(u.Path)
			fmt.Println(u.RawPath)
			fmt.Println(u.String())
		}

	Values
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Set("name", "Ava")
			v.Add("friend", "Jess")
			v.Add("friend", "Sarah")
			v.Add("friend", "Zoe")
			// v.Encode() == "name=Ava&friend=Jess&friend=Sarah&friend=Zoe"
			fmt.Println(v.Get("name"))
			fmt.Println(v.Get("friend"))
			fmt.Println(v["friend"])
		}

	Values_Add
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau")
			fmt.Println(v["cat sounds"])
		
		}

	Values_Del
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau")
			fmt.Println(v["cat sounds"])
		
			v.Del("cat sounds")
			fmt.Println(v["cat sounds"])
		
		}

	Values_Encode
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew/")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau$")
			fmt.Println(v.Encode())
		
		}

	Values_Get
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau")
			fmt.Printf("%q\n", v.Get("cat sounds"))
			fmt.Printf("%q\n", v.Get("dog sounds"))
		
		}

	Values_Has
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau")
			fmt.Println(v.Has("cat sounds"))
			fmt.Println(v.Has("dog sounds"))
		
		}

	Values_Set
		package main
		
		import (
			"fmt"
			"net/url"
		)
		
		func main() {
			v := url.Values{}
			v.Add("cat sounds", "meow")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mew")
			v.Add("cat sounds", "mau")
			fmt.Println(v["cat sounds"])
		
			v.Set("cat sounds", "meow")
			fmt.Println(v["cat sounds"])
		
		}


Package-Level Type Names (total 6)

	/* sort by: alphabet | popularity */
	 type Error (struct)
		Error reports an error and the operation and URL that caused it.

		Fields (total 3)
			Err error
			Op string
			URL string
		Methods (total 4)
			(*Error) Error() string
			(*Error) Temporary() bool
			(*Error) Timeout() bool
			(*Error) Unwrap() error
		Implements (at least 2)
			*Error : net.Error
			*Error : error

	 type EscapeError string (basic type)

		Methods (only one)
			( EscapeError) Error() string
		Implements (at least one exported)
			 EscapeError : error

	 type InvalidHostError string (basic type)

		Methods (only one)
			( InvalidHostError) Error() string
		Implements (at least one exported)
			 InvalidHostError : error

	 type URL (struct)
		A URL represents a parsed URL (technically, a URI reference).
		
		The general form represented is:
		
			[scheme:][//[userinfo@]host][/]path[?query][#fragment]
		
		URLs that do not start with a slash after the scheme are interpreted as:
		
			scheme:opaque[?query][#fragment]
		
		The Host field contains the host and port subcomponents of the URL.
		When the port is present, it is separated from the host with a colon.
		When the host is an IPv6 address, it must be enclosed in square brackets:
		"[fe80::1]:80". The [net.JoinHostPort] function combines a host and port
		into a string suitable for the Host field, adding square brackets to
		the host when necessary.
		
		Note that the Path field is stored in decoded form: /%47%6f%2f becomes /Go/.
		A consequence is that it is impossible to tell which slashes in the Path were
		slashes in the raw URL and which were %2f. This distinction is rarely important,
		but when it is, the code should use the [URL.EscapedPath] method, which preserves
		the original encoding of Path.
		
		The RawPath field is an optional field which is only set when the default
		encoding of Path is different from the escaped path. See the EscapedPath method
		for more details.
		
		URL's String method uses the EscapedPath method to obtain the path.

		Fields (total 11)
			ForceQuery bool
				// append a query ('?') even if RawQuery is empty

			Fragment string
				// fragment for references, without '#'

			Host string
				// host or host:port (see Hostname and Port methods)

			OmitHost bool
				// do not emit empty host (authority)

			Opaque string
				// encoded opaque data

			Path string
				// path (relative paths may omit leading slash)

			RawFragment string
				// encoded fragment hint (see EscapedFragment method)

			RawPath string
				// encoded path hint (see EscapedPath method)

			RawQuery string
				// encoded query values, without '?'

			Scheme string
			User *Userinfo
				// username and password information

		Methods (total 14)
			(*URL) EscapedFragment() string
				EscapedFragment returns the escaped form of u.Fragment.
				In general there are multiple possible escaped forms of any fragment.
				EscapedFragment returns u.RawFragment when it is a valid escaping of u.Fragment.
				Otherwise EscapedFragment ignores u.RawFragment and computes an escaped
				form on its own.
				The [URL.String] method uses EscapedFragment to construct its result.
				In general, code should call EscapedFragment instead of
				reading u.RawFragment directly.

			(*URL) EscapedPath() string
				EscapedPath returns the escaped form of u.Path.
				In general there are multiple possible escaped forms of any path.
				EscapedPath returns u.RawPath when it is a valid escaping of u.Path.
				Otherwise EscapedPath ignores u.RawPath and computes an escaped
				form on its own.
				The [URL.String] and [URL.RequestURI] methods use EscapedPath to construct
				their results.
				In general, code should call EscapedPath instead of
				reading u.RawPath directly.

			(*URL) Hostname() string
				Hostname returns u.Host, stripping any valid port number if present.
				
				If the result is enclosed in square brackets, as literal IPv6 addresses are,
				the square brackets are removed from the result.

			(*URL) IsAbs() bool
				IsAbs reports whether the [URL] is absolute.
				Absolute means that it has a non-empty scheme.

			(*URL) JoinPath(elem ...string) *URL
				JoinPath returns a new [URL] with the provided path elements joined to
				any existing path and the resulting path cleaned of any ./ or ../ elements.
				Any sequences of multiple / characters will be reduced to a single /.

			(*URL) MarshalBinary() (text []byte, err error)
			(*URL) Parse(ref string) (*URL, error)
				Parse parses a [URL] in the context of the receiver. The provided URL
				may be relative or absolute. Parse returns nil, err on parse
				failure, otherwise its return value is the same as [URL.ResolveReference].

			(*URL) Port() string
				Port returns the port part of u.Host, without the leading colon.
				
				If u.Host doesn't contain a valid numeric port, Port returns an empty string.

			(*URL) Query() Values
				Query parses RawQuery and returns the corresponding values.
				It silently discards malformed value pairs.
				To check errors use [ParseQuery].

			(*URL) Redacted() string
				Redacted is like [URL.String] but replaces any password with "xxxxx".
				Only the password in u.User is redacted.

			(*URL) RequestURI() string
				RequestURI returns the encoded path?query or opaque?query
				string that would be used in an HTTP request for u.

			(*URL) ResolveReference(ref *URL) *URL
				ResolveReference resolves a URI reference to an absolute URI from
				an absolute base URI u, per RFC 3986 Section 5.2. The URI reference
				may be relative or absolute. ResolveReference always returns a new
				[URL] instance, even if the returned URL is identical to either the
				base or reference. If ref is an absolute URL, then ResolveReference
				ignores base and returns a copy of ref.

			(*URL) String() string
				String reassembles the [URL] into a valid URL string.
				The general form of the result is one of:
				
					scheme:opaque?query#fragment
					scheme://userinfo@host/path?query#fragment
				
				If u.Opaque is non-empty, String uses the first form;
				otherwise it uses the second form.
				Any non-ASCII characters in host are escaped.
				To obtain the path, String uses u.EscapedPath().
				
				In the second form, the following rules apply:
				  - if u.Scheme is empty, scheme: is omitted.
				  - if u.User is nil, userinfo@ is omitted.
				  - if u.Host is empty, host/ is omitted.
				  - if u.Scheme and u.Host are empty and u.User is nil,
				    the entire scheme://userinfo@host/ is omitted.
				  - if u.Host is non-empty and u.Path begins with a /,
				    the form host/path does not add its own /.
				  - if u.RawQuery is empty, ?query is omitted.
				  - if u.Fragment is empty, #fragment is omitted.

			(*URL) UnmarshalBinary(text []byte) error
		Implements (at least 4)
			*URL : encoding.BinaryMarshaler
			*URL : encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler
			*URL : expvar.Var
			*URL : fmt.Stringer
		As Outputs Of (at least 7)
			func Parse(rawURL string) (*URL, error)
			func ParseRequestURI(rawURL string) (*URL, error)
			func (*URL).JoinPath(elem ...string) *URL
			func (*URL).Parse(ref string) (*URL, error)
			func (*URL).ResolveReference(ref *URL) *URL
			func net/http.ProxyFromEnvironment(req *http.Request) (*URL, error)
			func net/http.(*Response).Location() (*URL, error)
		As Inputs Of (at least 8)
			func (*URL).ResolveReference(ref *URL) *URL
			func net/http.ProxyURL(fixedURL *URL) func(*http.Request) (*URL, error)
			func net/http.CookieJar.Cookies(u *URL) []*http.Cookie
			func net/http.CookieJar.SetCookies(u *URL, cookies []*http.Cookie)
			func net/http/cookiejar.(*Jar).Cookies(u *URL) (cookies []*http.Cookie)
			func net/http/cookiejar.(*Jar).SetCookies(u *URL, cookies []*http.Cookie)
			func net/http/httputil.NewSingleHostReverseProxy(target *URL) *httputil.ReverseProxy
			func net/http/httputil.(*ProxyRequest).SetURL(target *URL)

	 type Userinfo (struct)
		The Userinfo type is an immutable encapsulation of username and
		password details for a [URL]. An existing Userinfo value is guaranteed
		to have a username set (potentially empty, as allowed by RFC 2396),
		and optionally a password.

		Methods (total 3)
			(*Userinfo) Password() (string, bool)
				Password returns the password in case it is set, and whether it is set.

			(*Userinfo) String() string
				String returns the encoded userinfo information in the standard form
				of "username[:password]".

			(*Userinfo) Username() string
				Username returns the username.

		Implements (at least 2)
			*Userinfo : expvar.Var
			*Userinfo : fmt.Stringer
		As Outputs Of (at least 2)
			func User(username string) *Userinfo
			func UserPassword(username, password string) *Userinfo

	 type Values (map)
		Values maps a string key to a list of values.
		It is typically used for query parameters and form values.
		Unlike in the http.Header map, the keys in a Values map
		are case-sensitive.

		Methods (total 6)
			( Values) Add(key, value string)
				Add adds the value to key. It appends to any existing
				values associated with key.

			( Values) Del(key string)
				Del deletes the values associated with key.

			( Values) Encode() string
				Encode encodes the values into “URL encoded” form
				("bar=baz&foo=quux") sorted by key.

			( Values) Get(key string) string
				Get gets the first value associated with the given key.
				If there are no values associated with the key, Get returns
				the empty string. To access multiple values, use the map
				directly.

			( Values) Has(key string) bool
				Has checks whether a given key is set.

			( Values) Set(key, value string)
				Set sets the key to value. It replaces any existing
				values.

		As Outputs Of (at least 2)
			func ParseQuery(query string) (Values, error)
			func (*URL).Query() Values
		As Inputs Of (at least 2)
			func net/http.PostForm(url string, data Values) (resp *http.Response, err error)
			func net/http.(*Client).PostForm(url string, data Values) (resp *http.Response, err error)


Package-Level Functions (total 10)

	 func JoinPath(base string, elem ...string) (result string, err error)
		JoinPath returns a [URL] string with the provided path elements joined to
		the existing path of base and the resulting path cleaned of any ./ or ../ elements.

	 func Parse(rawURL string) (*URL, error)
		Parse parses a raw url into a [URL] structure.
		
		The url may be relative (a path, without a host) or absolute
		(starting with a scheme). Trying to parse a hostname and path
		without a scheme is invalid but may not necessarily return an
		error, due to parsing ambiguities.

	 func ParseQuery(query string) (Values, error)
		ParseQuery parses the URL-encoded query string and returns
		a map listing the values specified for each key.
		ParseQuery always returns a non-nil map containing all the
		valid query parameters found; err describes the first decoding error
		encountered, if any.
		
		Query is expected to be a list of key=value settings separated by ampersands.
		A setting without an equals sign is interpreted as a key set to an empty
		value.
		Settings containing a non-URL-encoded semicolon are considered invalid.

	 func ParseRequestURI(rawURL string) (*URL, error)
		ParseRequestURI parses a raw url into a [URL] structure. It assumes that
		url was received in an HTTP request, so the url is interpreted
		only as an absolute URI or an absolute path.
		The string url is assumed not to have a #fragment suffix.
		(Web browsers strip #fragment before sending the URL to a web server.)

	 func PathEscape(s string) string
		PathEscape escapes the string so it can be safely placed inside a [URL] path segment,
		replacing special characters (including /) with %XX sequences as needed.

	 func PathUnescape(s string) (string, error)
		PathUnescape does the inverse transformation of [PathEscape],
		converting each 3-byte encoded substring of the form "%AB" into the
		hex-decoded byte 0xAB. It returns an error if any % is not followed
		by two hexadecimal digits.
		
		PathUnescape is identical to [QueryUnescape] except that it does not
		unescape '+' to ' ' (space).

	 func QueryEscape(s string) string
		QueryEscape escapes the string so it can be safely placed
		inside a [URL] query.

	 func QueryUnescape(s string) (string, error)
		QueryUnescape does the inverse transformation of [QueryEscape],
		converting each 3-byte encoded substring of the form "%AB" into the
		hex-decoded byte 0xAB.
		It returns an error if any % is not followed by two hexadecimal
		digits.

	 func User(username string) *Userinfo
		User returns a [Userinfo] containing the provided username
		and no password set.

	 func UserPassword(username, password string) *Userinfo
		UserPassword returns a [Userinfo] containing the provided username
		and password.
		
		This functionality should only be used with legacy web sites.
		RFC 2396 warns that interpreting Userinfo this way
		“is NOT RECOMMENDED, because the passing of authentication
		information in clear text (such as URI) has proven to be a
		security risk in almost every case where it has been used.”

The pages are generated with Golds v0.7.0-preview. (GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64)
Golds is a Go 101 project developed by Tapir Liu.
PR and bug reports are welcome and can be submitted to the issue list.
Please follow @zigo_101 (reachable from the left QR code) to get the latest news of Golds.